Thickness of anterior sclera and corneal layers in systemic sclerosis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the thickness of anterior sclera and corneal layers in patients with systemic sclerosis. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study included 41 patients with systemic sclerosis and 41 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The study and control groups were compared in terms of the thickness of anterior sclera, corneal epithelium, Bowman's layer, corneal stroma, and Descemet's membrane-endothelium complex. The thickness measurements were obtained using the anterior segment module of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The thickness of anterior sclera, corneal epithelium, Bowman's layer, and Descemet's membrane-endothelium complex were similar in the patients with systemic sclerosis and healthy controls (P > 0.05). Total corneal thickness at the apex was 511.1 ± 33.5 µm in the systemic sclerosis group and 528.4 ± 29.5 µm in the control group (P = 0.015). The corneal stroma was thinner in the systemic sclerosis patients compared to the healthy controls (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The corneal stroma was thinner in the patients with systemic sclerosis compared to that of healthy controls, while the thickness of the anterior sclera was similar in both groups.

The evaluation of tibial nerve using shear-wave elastography and ultrasound in patients with systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate stiffness and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the tibial nerve (TN) using shear wave elastography (SWE) and ultrasound (US) and investigate the relationship of these with disease activity, quality of life, and severity of neuropathic pain in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study included 28 SSc patients (1 male, 27 females; mean age: 50±11 years; range, 28 to 67 years) and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (4 males, 18 females; mean age: 48±6 years; range, 37 to 66 years) between March and April 2022. US and SWE were performed on the TN, and CSA and nerve stiffness were measured. The TN was examined by a radiologist, 4 cm proximal to the medial malleolus. A few days later, an evaluation was performed in the second session by a second observer to investigate inter-and intraobserver agreement. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire, European League Against Rheumatism European Scleroderma Trial and Research (EUSTAR) group activity index, and Douleur-Neuropathique 4 scores of the patients were evaluated. Correlations between the questionnaires and measurements of nerve stiffness and CSA were assessed. Results: Patients with SSc had significantly higher stiffness and CSA values of the right TN compared to healthy controls (p<0.001 and p=0.015, respectively). The nerve stiffness values of the right TN were positively correlated with the EUSTAR activity index (p=0.004, r=0.552). The CSA of the left TN was larger in patients with SSc (21.3±4.9 mm2 ) than in controls (12.8±3.4 mm2 ), and the nerve elasticity was positively correlated with the EUSTAR activity index (p=0.001, r=0.618). The interobserver agreement was moderate to good for measuring stiffness and CSA of the TN (ICC were 0.660 and 0.818, respectively). There was a good to excellent intraobserver agreement for measuring stiffness and CSA of TN (ICC were 0.843 and 0.940, respectively). Conclusion: The increased disease activity in patients with SSc is associated with TN involvement, which can be demonstrated by US and SWE.

Examining the Presence of Sarcopenia in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Case-Control Study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of sarcopenia, functional status, fear-avoidance behaviors, biopsychosocial status and quality of life in RA women with healthy controls. METHODS: 25 RA women and 25 healthy women were included in the study. Definition of sarcopenia was assessed using parameters recommended by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia (EWGSOP): Bioimpedance analysis for muscle mass (body fat ratio, skeletal muscle mass, skeletal muscle mass index); grip and knee extension strength for muscle strength and 4-m course gait speed test for physical performance was applied. Functional status was evaluated with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), fear-avoidance behaviors with the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS), biopsychosocial status with the Biopsychosocial Questionnaire (BETY-BQ), and quality of life with Short Form-36 (SF-36). RESULTS: While none of the healthy women had sarcopenia, severe sarcopenia was detected in 7 (28%) of the women with RA. When RA and healthy groups were compared; skeletal muscle mass (p: 0,004); skeletal muscle mass index (p: 0,011); grip strength-right (p:0.001) and left (p:0.001); knee extension strength-right (p:0.001) and left (p:0.001), 4-m course gait speed test (p:0.001), HAQ (p:0.001), TKS (p:0.001), BETY-BQ (p:0.001), SF-36 physical (p:0.001) ve mental component (p:0.001) results were significant in favor of the healthy group while there was no difference in body fat ratio (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In women with RA, the frequency of sarcopenia is higher, and functional status, fear-avoidance behaviors, biopsychosocial status and quality of life are worse than healthy.

Low relapse rate in patients with giant cell arteritis in a multi-centre retrospective Turkish Registry.

OBJECTIVES: Glucocorticoids (GC) are widely accepted as the standard first-line treatment for giant cell arteritis (GCA). However, relapse rates are reported up to 80% on GC-only protocol arms in controlled trials of tocilizumab and abatacept in 12-24 months. Herein, we aimed to assess the real-life relapse rates retrospectively in patients with GCA from Turkey. METHODS: We assembled a retrospective cohort of patients with GCA diagnosed according to ACR 1990 criteria from tertiary rheumatology centres in Turkey. All clinical data were abstracted from medical records. Relapse was defined as any new manifestation or increased acutephase response leading to the change of the GC dose or use of a new therapeutic agent by the treating physician. RESULTS: The study included 330 (F/M: 196/134) patients with GCA. The mean age at disease onset was 68.9±9 years. The most frequent symptom was headache. Polymyalgia rheumatica was also present in 81 (24.5%) patients. Elevation of acute phase reactants (ESR>50 mm/h or CRP>5 mg/l) was absent in 25 (7.6%) patients at diagnosis. Temporal artery biopsy was available in 241 (73%) patients, and 180 of them had positive histopathological findings for GCA. For remission induction, GC pulses (250-1000 methylprednisolone mg/3-7 days) were given to 69 (20.9%) patients, with further 0.5-1 mg/kg/day prednisolone continued in the whole group. Immunosuppressives as GC-sparing agents were used in 252 (76.4%) patients. During a follow-up of a median 26.5 (6-190) months, relapses occurred in 49 (18.8%) patients. No confounding factor was observed in relapse rates. GC treatment could be stopped in only 62 (23.8%) patients. Additionally, GC-related side effects developed in 64 (24.6%) patients, and 141 (66.2%) had at least one Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI) damage item present during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this first multi-centre series of GCA from Turkey, we observed that only one-fifth of patients had relapses during a mean follow-up of 26 months, with 76.4% given a GC-sparing IS agent at diagnosis. At the end of follow-up, GC-related side effects developed in one-fourth of patients. Our results suggest that patients with GCA had a low relapse rate in real-life experience of a multi-centre retrospective Turkish registry, however with a significant presence of GC-associated side effects during follow-up.

Evaluation of balance in patients with systemic sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to examine static/dynamic balance and proprioception of Systemic Sclerosis by comparing healthy and relationship with demographic and disease-related data. METHODS: 21 Systemic Sclerosis and 19 healthy were included.Berg Balance Scale (functional balance), Sensamove Sensbalance Maxiboard Software (static, dynamic balance:reaction time and travel time and proprioception), Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire/Health Assessment Questionnaire (health status), Medsger's Disease Severity Scale, Modified Rodnan Skin Score were used in evaluation. FINDINGS: Comparing the groups, there was significant difference in Berg Balance Scale (p:0.036); Health Assessment Questionnaire/Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (p:0.001); Static balance-center (p:0.001), front (p:0.001), back (p:0.001), left (p:0.001), right (p:0.021); proprioception-front (p:0.025);Reaction Time-front (p:0.031) and left (p:0.010);Travel Time-front (p:0.041) and left (p:0.014) in favor of healthy group.In Systemic Sclerosis, disease severity had moderate correlation with static balance-back (r:-0.504,p:0.020).Skin thickness had low correlation with Reaction Time-front (r:-0.449,p:0.041).Age had low correlation with Travel time-front (r:0.458,p:0.037) and proprioception-left (r:0.450,p:0.041); moderate with Travel time-back (r:0.515;p:0.017) and proprioception-front (r:0.539,p:0.012). INTERPRETATION: Compared to healthy, Systemic Sclerosis had worse health status, functional balance, static/dynamic balance and proprioception.This situation is related to disease severity, skin thickness and age. Evaluations made with objective methods may have the potential to determine the extent of the problem.Clinicians can guide the treatment of patients with SSc by evaluating their static/dynamic balance and proprioception.With early treatment, additional problems that may occur due to worsening of balance and proprioception can be prevented.Proprioception and dynamic balance evaluation can be performed for older patients, static balance when disease activity is high, and dynamic balance when skin thickness score is high.

Investigation of the relationship between interferon-gamma receptor 1-56C/T gene polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to lung sarcoidosis: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between the interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) polymorphism and susceptibility to lung sarcoidosis. Patients and methods: The study included a total of 55 patients (13 males, 42 females; mean age: 46.5±9.1 years; range, 22 to 66 years) with lung sarcoidosis and 28 healthy controls (6 males, 22 females; mean age: 43.9±5.9 years; range 22 to 60 years) selected from the Turkish population. The polymerase chain reaction was used for genotyping of participants to determine single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which is considered an important tool for detecting genotyping errors, was tested. Allele and genotype frequencies of patients and controls were compared using logistic regression analysis. Results: The analyses showed no correlation between the tested IFNGR1 single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs2234711) and lung sarcoidosis (p>0.05). The categorization analysis according to the clinical features, laboratory, and radiographic characteristics showed no correlation between the tested polymorphism of IFNGR1 (rs2234711) and these characteristics (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the tested gene polymorphism (rs2234711) of IFNGR1 was not associated with lung sarcoidosis. More comprehensive studies are needed to verify our results.

Validation of the Turkish Version of the Sarcoidosis Health Questionnaire: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE AND AIM:  Sarcoidosis, a multisystemic granulomatous disease, generally results in a lower quality of life (QoL) because of its unexpected course and diverse clinical symptoms. The Sarcoidosis Health Questionnaire (SHQ) evaluates the QoL for people with sarcoidosis in terms of their health. This study set out to validate the SHQ in a group of Turkish sarcoidosis patients. METHODS:  The study included a total of 146 adult sarcoidosis patients (63 male and 83 female; mean age, 44±3.6 years; range, 27-63 years) between May 2019 and September 2021. Preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back translation/back translation review, harmonization, finalization, and proofreading comprised the steps of the testing procedure for translation and cultural adaptation. The participants filled out three questionnaires, including the SHQ, 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey, and King's Sarcoidosis Questionnaire (KSQ), and underwent pulmonary function tests (PFTs). RESULTS:  Of the patients, 95% had lung involvement, with a mean number of 1.3 organs involved. Each SHQ component displayed a moderate to high internal consistency, ranging from 0.806 to 0.844. The whole scale's Cronbach's alpha value was 0.781. The SHQ total score significantly correlated with physical component summary (p< 0.001, r=0.360) and mental component summary (p<0.001, r=0.352) scores of SF-36, and the general health status (p< 0.001, r=0.478), medication component (p<0.001, r=0.456), and eye component scores of KSQ (p<0.001, r=0.545). When patients were divided into groups based on organ involvement (p=0.01), oral steroid medication (p<0.001), and types of symptoms (P=0.021), there were significant differences in the total SHQ scores. CONCLUSION:  The Turkish version of SHQ can be a valid and accurate instrument for assessing the health of sarcoidosis patients in Turkey. When combined with normal physiological, radiological, and serological examinations, SHQ can assess the QoL of sarcoidosis patients and give useful new information.

The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale - straight forwardly in patients with systemic sclerosis.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of Turkish version of Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-Straightforwardly (BFNE-S (TR)) in patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). Materials and Methods: 35 individuals (mean age: 53.3±13.0 years) diagnosed as SSc were included. Data on demographics, were collected via structured interview. All participants were evaluated by same investigator. The disability was evaluated with Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (SHAQ), disease severity with Medsger's Disease Severity Scale, and skin involvement with Modified Rodnan Skin Score. BFNE-S (TR) was applied to the patients with SSc who did not receive any treatment for test retest at one-week intervals. Results: The one-factor structure was provided for all indices except Chi-Square. Factor loadings were significant. The patient responses to the BFNE-S (TR) demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.95). The floor effect (20%) percentage of patients who scored at floor level, was observed. Test-retest reliability of the scale was excellent with 0.91 (95%CI: 0.78-0.96). BFNE-S (TR) total score had positive correlation with SHAQ_Digestive (r=0.503) and SHAQ_Raynaud phenomenon (r=0.343)(p<0.05). Conclusions: The BFNE-S (TR) is a reliable and valid scale and can be used for measurement of fear of negative evaluation in SSc.

Investigation of Biopsychosocial Status, Fatigue, Sleep Quality, Alexithymia, Cognitive Functions, and Quality of Life in Behçet's Disease.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Behçet's disease in terms of anxiety, biopsychosocial status, fatigue, sleep quality, alexithymia, cognitive level, and quality of life according to major and minor organ involvement. Methods: The study was planned as a single-centre cohort study. Fifty patients diagnosed with Behçet's (mean age 43±11.96 years) were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups as major organ involvement (uveitis, neuro-Behçet's, or vascular type Behçet's disease) and minor organ involvement (mucocutaneous type Behçet's disease). Biopsychosocial status was evaluated with Biopsychosocial Questionnaire (BETY-BQ), anxiety with Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), fatigue with Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF) Scale, sleep quality with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), alexithymia with Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), cognition level with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and quality of life with Short Form-36 (SF-36). Results: In the comparison according to minor and major organ involvement, there was no significant difference between the groups in BETY-BQ, BAI, MAF, PSQI, TAS-20, MMSE and SF-36 (p>0.05). Conclusion: Behçet's disease negatively effects in parameters such as biopsychosocial status, fatigue, sleep quality, alexithymia and quality of life. The presence of major or minor organ involvement in the patients did not change these negative effects.

Intestinal Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis Under Treatment with Infliximab: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background: Recent literature involves many cases with lymphoma and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with or without the use of TNF inhibitors. Herein, we report a patient, a 56-year-old Human Leukocyte Antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) positive man with four years history of AS who was still under treatment with infliximab with clinical remission. He was admitted with a new-onset, 6-week history of bloody diarrhoea with mucus, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss. An ileocolonoscopy showed linear ileocecal valve ulcers. Histopathological findings of ileocecal valve ulcers revealed peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the small intestine. Infliximab was interrupted because of the possible progression of the lymphoma. Methods: We aimed to emphasize the underlying potential pathogenic mechanisms and to review the related literature. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database between January 1980 and November 2020. The keywords including 'ankylosing spondylitis' and 'lymphoma' were used. Conclusion: TNFi use, immunosuppression, and chronic inflammation may be related to the development of lymphoma in chronic inflammatory diseases. Ileocecal valve involvement should not be interpreted as inflammatory bowel disease, infection, or vasculitis in the presence of red flags.

The effect of rheumatoid arthritis on upper extremity functions: A kinematic perspective.

AIM: To examine the global upper extremity kinematics in 3D while performing "jar opening motion" in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and to compare these with healthy individuals. METHOD: Twenty-four women (12 healthy, 12 RA) were included. Evaluations were made with a JAMAR dynamometer, Health Assessment Questionnaire, and 3D kinematic analysis of global upper extremity during "jar opening motion." The time taken during "jar opening motion" was analyzed in 2 parts (Part 1, Part 2), with total time: part 1 + part 2. In addition, shoulder-to-table distance; elbow flexion angle; wrist extension angle; the area scanned and angular rotation by arm, forearm and hand were used in the analysis. RESULTS: Between groups, there was a statistical difference in: bilateral hand grip strength; part 1, part 2, total time; shoulder-to-table distance; elbow flexion angle; the area scanned by hand; angular rotation of arm and hand in favor of the healthy group (P < .05). In stepwise multiple regression analysis, the most predictive variable for disability was elbow flexion, explaining 53.9% of disability. CONCLUSION: Compared to healthy individuals, individuals with RA have slower motion, more elbow flexion, less hand grip strength, circular pattern in hand, rotation in arm and hand. Increased disability may result in greater load on elbow flexion.

Evaluation of the controlling nutritional status score and prognostic nutritional index in patients with familial Mediterranean fever.

OBJECTIVE: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is the most common disease that leads to secondary amyloidosis in Turkish population. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score were recently investigated in many clinical conditions as predictors of disease activity and prognosis of underlying disease. We aimed to evaluate these indexes in FMF patients. METHODS: We included a total of 135 patients with FMF without amyloidosis at baseline. Demographic characteristics, particular attack features, treatment modalities, disease complications of patients, and a follow-up time for each patient were obtained. Disease complications were defined as amyloidosis or end stage renal disease. Baseline laboratory parameters in the attack-free period were used to assess the subclinical inflammation. Spearman's rho correlation analysis was used for numerical variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors that had an impact on the development of amyloidosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to discover the appropriate cutoff points of CONUT score and PNI for predicting the development of amyloidosis. RESULTS: ROC analysis revealed that the optimal cutoff points for neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), CONUT score, and PNI were >1.9, >145, >2, and ≤54, respectively. The area under the curve values of CONUT score and PNI for predicting the development of amyloidosis were 0.830 (95% CI: 0.76-0.89, P < .001) and 0.940 (95% CI: 0.88-0.97, P < .001), respectively. Correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations between CONUT score, NLR, and PLR. The high CONUT score was associated with the development of amyloidosis in FMF patients in addition to age and M694V homozygous mutation. CONCLUSION: Low PNI and high CONUT score at diagnosis may have a poor prognostic value for the development of amyloidosis in patients with FMF in addition to older age and M694V homozygous mutation. These indexes may be a useful and inexpensive screening biomarkers in clinical practice for predicting amyloidosis in patients with FMF.

Successful Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Thrombocytopenia with Eltrombopag: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review.

Thrombocytopenia is one of the common haematological manifestations, occurring in 7% to 30% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) may occur in variable pathways as a result of cross-reacting antibodies or immune complexes that bind to platelet receptors, or infection of progenitor megakaryocytes, and decreased production of thrombopoietin (TPO). It was shown that the vast majority of SLE patients with thrombocytopenia had increased levels of anti-glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (anti-GPIIb/IIIa) or anti-thrombopoietin receptor (anti-TPOR). Eltrombopag is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist that binds to the transmembrane portion of the surface receptor and induces maturation of megakaryocytes and production of platelets. Herein, we report two SLE patients with severe thrombocytopenia who are also refractory to both intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), rituximab, and splenectomy. Ultimately, they successfully treated with eltrombopag without any complication. Eltrombopag worked well and their platelet counts increased above 200,000/mm3 only two weeks later.

Efficacy of local oxygen-ozone therapy for the treatment of digital ulcer refractory to medical therapy in systemic sclerosis: A randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of local oxygen-ozone therapy in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients with digital ulcers (DUs) who were resistant to medical therapy and had impairment in activities of daily living. METHODS: Participants' demographic data, and clinical parameters were recorded. Twenty-five SSc patients with DUs were randomized to the ozone group (I) (n = 13) to receive medical treatment plus local oxygen-ozone therapy and the control group (II) (n = 12) to receive medical treatment only. Hand functions were assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Modified Hand Mobility in Scleroderma (HAMISm) test. Clinical parameters, HAQ, and mHAMIS scores were re-evaluated in participants 4 weeks after the initiation of treatment. RESULTS: Demographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups showed no significant differences. At 4 weeks after the initial treatment, the efficacy rate was significantly higher in the ozone group than that in the control group (92% versus 42% P = 0.010). Clinical parameters, HAQ, and HAMISm scores were significantly improved in the treatment group compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Local oxygen-ozone therapy was effective in the treatment of SSc patients with resistant DUs and improved clinical parameters and functional disability.

Enhanced Ectasia Screening in Patients with Uveitis and Isolated Systemic Inflammatory Disease.

PURPOSE: To investigate corneal topographic alterations in patients with uveitis and isolated systemic inflammatory disease (SID). METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 44 patients with uveitis with anterior chamber inflammation (uveitis group), 39 subjects with isolated SID, and 91 healthy controls (control group). Topographic images were classified as "normal," "keratoconus (KC) suspect" and "KC" based on maps of axial curvature, corneal thickness, front and back elevation in combination with Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Display (BAD). RESULTS: The uveitis and SID groups had higher incidence of KC (6.8% and 10.2%, respectively) and KC suspect (45.5% and 33.3%, respectively), whereas 2.2% of the control subjects had KC and 26.4% represented KC suspect (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with uveitis with or without SID, and isolated SID without intraocular inflammation seem to be more likely to have KC and KC suspect, which might be due to systemic and/or local inflammatory background triggering pathophysiological mechanisms underlying KC.

IL-23R gene polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease in which many different genetic variants of functional gene polymorphisms may play a culprit role in the underlying pathogenetic mechanism. The recent studies suggest that interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) gene polymorphisms may increase susceptibility to the development of various autoimmune diseases. We aimed to examine the possible relationship of nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-23R gene to susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and their associations with disease characteristics in the South Aegean region of Turkey. We enrolled 100 rheumatoid arthritis patients and age- and sex-matched 96 healthy subjects in the study. After deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolation was performed, a 'Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism' (RFLP) method was used for the investigation of polymorphisms associated with the IL-23R gene. Allele identification and genotyping were obtained from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products using gel electrophoresis. Allele frequencies and detected genotypes were compared between groups. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.)). Continuous variables were defined by the mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables were defined by number and percent. Logistic Regression Analysis was used for determining which variables affect the presence of RA. Differences between categorical variables were analyzed with Chi-square analysis. Statistical significance was determined as p < 0.05. The mean age was 53.48 ± 11.7 years in the RA group, whereas 52.55 ± 12.7 years in the healthy control group. The genotypes of IL-23R with rs11805303(TT), rs10889677(AA), rs1004819(AA), and rs7530511(CT) polymorphisms were seen more often in RA patients than healthy controls. Having the AA genotype of IL-23R rs1004819 and the CT genotype of Il-23R rs7530511 increase the development risk of RA with a statistical significance (OR: 3.416 p = 0.003 and OR: 4.899 p = 0.0001, respectively). RA patients with the CC genotype of Il-23R with rs11805303, the CC genotype with rs10889677, and the TT genotype with rs2201841 of the IL-23R gene had higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels than with other genotypes. RA patients with the CC genotype rs11805303 and the GG genotype rs1004819 of the IL-23R gene had more active disease. Our findings suggest that all of the nine analyzed IL-23R gene polymorphisms are seen more frequently than healthy controls in our study population. Besides, some SNPs were related to higher acute phase reactants and higher disease activity scores.

The reliability and validity of the European League Against Rheumatism Sjögren Syndrome Patient Reported Index in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome: A Turkish version study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sjögren Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) (TR) in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey study design and analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the ESSPRI (TR) between March 2019 and July 2019. A total of 30 patients (5 males, 25 females; mean age 54.1±10.5 years; range, 18 to 75 years) diagnosed as pSS according to revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/EULAR classification criteria were included. ESSPRI (TR) was applied to the patients with face-to-face interviews twice: on their first visit and after an interval of 15 days. The test-retest reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the internal consistency of the multi-item subscales by calculating Cronbach alpha values. The correlations between basal and stimulated salivary flow (BSF and SSF), Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life-UK (OHRQOL-UK) questionnaires were evaluated to determine the construct validity. RESULTS: The ICC value for the test/retest reliability of ESSPRI (TR) was 0.925. The internal consistency was 0.682. There were low to moderate correlations between the ESSPRI (TR) total score and BSF (-0.39), SSF (-0.50), OHIP-14 total (0.57) and OHRQOL-UK total (-0.67). CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the ESSPRI was found to be clinically valid and reliable to be used in clinical evaluations and rehabilitation interventions in patients with pSS.

Cut-Off Value of Serum Uric Acid for Development of Gout Disease in Patients with Multiple Co-Morbidities.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the association between hyperuricemia, comorbid diseases and risk of developing gout disease in a Turkish population in a long follow-up period. METHODS: A total of 2000 Turkish adults were cross-sectionally analysed for serum urate levels in 2009 at the Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine. All patients on regular follow-up at our tertiary health center (n=1322) were included in this study. Demographic features (age and gender), comorbid clinical conditions, and medication use were noted. The risk of developing gout and the determinant factors were investigated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to analyse causative effects of factors while receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify optimal cut-off values of uric acid level for predicting the development of gout. RESULTS: Among 1322 patients, the mean age was 56.9 (SD:14.68) years. 57.3% (n=758) of the patients were female. The most common co-morbid disease was chronic kidney disease (581, 43%), followed by hypertension (522, 39.4%). Gout developed in 25 patients (1.8%). Gout development risk and presence of all the above comorbidities were significantly higher in patients with serum urate ≥7mg/dl compared with <7mg/dl. Male gender and not using urate lowering drugs were the main risk factors for developing gout disease. ROC analysis of serum uric acid levels identified a cut-off value of >7 (AUC: 0.776, sensitivity 86.96%, specificity 66.74%). CONCLUSION: There is still a dilemma concerning the culprit effects of both comorbidities and hyperuricemia on the risk of developing gout disease.

Ultrasonographic measurement of the vascular wall thickness and intima-media thickness in patients with Behçet's disease with symptoms or signs of vascular involvement: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to measure and compare bilateral carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), bilateral jugular, common femoral, and main portal vein wall thicknesses (VWTs) in Behçet's disease (BD) patients with and without vascular involvement to obtain a cut-off value for vascular complications and determine their relationship with disease activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-three BD patients (41 males, 22 females; median age: 38.0 years; min 20 - max 71 years) and 30 healthy control subjects (14 males, 16 females; median age: 40.3 years; min 21 - max 60 years) were included in this cross-sectional study between February and March 2020. According to imaging findings, BD patients were divided into two groups as those with and without vascular complications. Disease duration, medical treatment and BD manifestations of patients were questioned. Disease activity was evaluated using the Behçet's Disease Current Activity Form (BDCAF) and the Behçet's Syndrome Activity Scale (BSAS). Two radiologists blinded to the diagnosis of BD used ultrasound to measure VWT and CIMT. Receiver operating characteristics were assessed to obtain sensitivity and specificity values for each VWT and CIMT. RESULTS: The groups were similar in terms of age, sex, and body mass index (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between the BD groups when the BDCAF and BSAS scores were compared, while there was no difference between them in terms of disease duration and medical treatment (p>0.05). All VWTs and CIMTs were significantly higher in patients with BD compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the BD groups in terms of CIMT, jugular and common femoral VWTs (p>0.05). But portal VWT was significantly higher in patients with vascular involvement (p<0.05). A cut-off value of ≥1.35 mm yielded a sensitivity of 79.2% and a specificity of 82.4% for the diagnosis of vascular involvement with the highest Youden's index (area under the curve, 0.869; 95% confidence interval, 0.783 to 0.956). CONCLUSION: Portal VWT has high sensitivity and specificity for the screening of vascular involvement in patients with BD.

The relationship of ocular parameters with clinical parameters and disease-related quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate choroidal thickness (CT), corneal parameters, and scleral thickness (ST) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to determine their relationship with disease-related quality of life (QoL). METHODS: The study included 38 patients with SSc and 40 healthy controls. A detailed ocular examination was performed on all participants. Corneal parameters such as K1, K2, Km, corneal volume (CV), central corneal thickness (CCT), and ST at a distance of 1000, 2000, and 3000 µm from the scleral spur were measured. CT was measured at five points, including the subfoveal area and the temporal and nasal points at radii of 750.0 and 1500.0 µm. The scleroderma health assessment questionnaire (SHAQ) was administered to SSc patients to investigate the disease-related QoL. RESULTS: Individuals with SSc had thicker ST at all distances from the scleral spur (P=0.008, P=0.001, P=0.002, respectively). All corneal parameters were significantly lower in the SSc group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, SSc patients had significantly lower median CT at N750.0, N1500.0, T750.0, and T1500.0 points and thinner subfoveal CT than healthy controls (P < 0.05). There was a weak-moderate negative correlation between ST and the components of the SHAQ scale and SHAQ-global. CONCLUSION: Despite not having ocular involvement, SSc patients had thicker ST but thinner CT and corneal parameters than healthy controls. This may indicate subclinical inflammation in patients with SSc. Only ST was affected by organ involvement and QoL among the ocular parameters.